T'was the day earlier than genesis, when all was ready, geth was in sync, my beacon node paired. Firewalls configured, VLANs galore, hours of preparation meant nothing ignored.
Then unexpectedly every part went awry, the SSD in my system determined to die. My configs have been gone, chain knowledge was historical past, nothing to do however belief in subsequent day supply.
I discovered myself designing backups and redundancies. Difficult methods consumed my fantasies. Considering additional I got here to grasp: worrying about these sorts of failures was fairly unwise.
Occasions
The beacon chain has a number of mechanisms to drive validator conduct, all of which rely on the present state of the community, so it is important to think about these failure instances within the bigger context of how different validators could make errors when deciding what are and are not legitimate methods to safe your node (this).
As an energetic validator, your stability both will increase or decreases, it by no means goes sideways*. So a fairly smart option to maximize your income is to reduce your downsides. There are 3 methods your stability could be diminished by the beacon chain:
- Elevens are issued when your validator misses considered one of their duties (eg offline)
- Inactivity Leak are handed over to validators who miss their duties till the community manages to finalize (ie when your offline validator is extremely correlated with different non-connected validators)
- Chopping they’re given to validators that produce blocks or certificates which are contradictory and subsequently can be utilized in an assault
* On common, the validator’s stability could stay the identical, however for any given responsibility, he’s both rewarded or penalized.
Hyperlink
The impact of a single validator going offline or performing hackable conduct is small when it comes to the general well being of the follower chain. Due to this fact, it isn’t severely punished. In distinction, if many validators are offline, the state of offline validators can lower considerably quicker.
Equally, if many validators carry out hackable actions on the similar time, from the attitude of the follower chain, that is indistinguishable from an assault. Due to this fact, it’s handled as such, and 100% of the offending validator’s share is burned.
Due to these “anti-correlation” incentives, validators needs to be involved extra about failures that would have an effect on others on the similar time, not about remoted, single issues.
Causes and their chance.
So let’s take into consideration some failure instances and look at them by way of the lens of what number of others might be affected on the similar time and the way badly your validators can be penalized.
I disagree with @econoar right here that these are Worst case questions. These are extra reasonable stage issues. Dwelling UPS failures and twin WAN addresses don’t correlate with different customers and may subsequently be far down your listing of considerations.
🌍 Web/energy failure
If you happen to’re checking from house, it is very seemingly that you will encounter considered one of these glitches in some unspecified time in the future sooner or later. Residential web and electrical connections will not be assured uptime. Nevertheless, when your web does go down or your energy goes out, the outage is normally restricted to your space, even then just for just a few hours.
Until you do not have one very damaged web/energy, possibly not price paying for rollovers. You’ll be penalized for just a few hours, however since the remainder of the community is working usually, your penalties will probably be roughly equal to what your rewards can be for a similar interval. In different phrases, a okay a one-hour crash restores your validator stability to roughly what it was okay hours earlier than failure iu okay extra hours your validator stability will return to the quantity earlier than the failure.
[Validator #12661 regaining ETH as quickly as it was lost – Beaconcha.in
🛠 Hardware failure
Like internet failure, hardware failure strikes randomly, and when it does, your node might be down for a few days. It is valuable to consider the expected rewards over the lifetime of the validator versus the cost of redundant hardware. Is the expected value of the failure (the offline penalties times the chance of it happening) greater than the cost of the redundant hardware?
Personally, the chance of failure is low enough and the cost of fully redundant hardware high enough, that it almost certainly isn’t worth it. But then again, I am not a whale 🐳 ; as with any failure scenario, you need to evaluate how this applies to your particular situation.
☁️ Cloud services failure
Maybe, to avoid the risks of hardware or internet failure altogether, you decide to go with a cloud provider. With a cloud provider, you have introduced the risk of correlated failures. The question that matters is, how many other validators are using the same cloud provider as you?
A week before genesis, Amazon AWS had a prolonged outage which affected a large portion of the web. If something similar were to happen now, enough validators would go offline at the same time that the inactivity penalties would kick in.
Even worse, if a cloud provider were to duplicate the VM running your node and accidentally leave the old and the new node running at the same time, you could be slashed (the penalties incurred would be especially bad if this accidental duplication affected many other nodes too).
If you are insistent on relying on a cloud provider, consider switching to a smaller provider. It may end up saving you a lot of ETH.
🥩 Staking Services
There are several staking services on mainnet today with varying degrees of decentralisation, but they all contain an increased risk of correlated failures if you trust them with your ETH. These services are necessary components of the eth2 ecosystem, especially for those with less than 32 ETH or without the technical know-how to stake, but they are architected by humans and therefore imperfect.
If staking pools eventually grow to be as large as eth1 mining pools, then it is conceivable that a bug could cause mass slashings or inactivity penalties for their members.
🔗 Infura Failure
Last month Infura went down for 6 hours causing outages across the Ethereum ecosystem; it is easy to see how this is likely to result in correlated failures for eth2 validators.
In addition, 3rd party eth1 API providers necessarily rate-limit calls to their service: In the past this has caused validators to be unable to produce valid blocks (on the Medalla testnet).
The best solution is to run your own eth1 node: you won’t encounter rate-limiting, it will reduce the likelihood of your failures being correlated, and it will improve the decentralisation of the network as a whole.
Eth2 clients have also started adding the possibility of specifying multiple eth1 nodes. This makes it easy to switch to a backup endpoint, in the event your primary endpoint fails (Lighthouse: –eth1-endpoints, Prysm: PR#8062, Nimbus & Teku will likely add support somewhere in the future).
I highly recommend adding backup API options as cheap/free insurance (EthereumNodes.com shows the free and paid API endpoints and their current status). This is useful whether you are running your own eth1 node or not.
🦏 Failure of a particular eth2 client
Despite all the code review, audits, and rockstar work, all of the eth2 clients have bugs hiding somewhere. Most of them are minor and will be caught before they present a major problem in production, but there is always the chance that the client you choose will go offline or cause you to be slashed. If this were to happen, you would not want to be running a client with > 1/3 of the nodes on the network.
You must strike a tradeoff between what you deem to be the best client vs how popular that client is. Consider reading through the documentation of another client so that if something happens to your node, you know what to expect in terms of installing and configuring a different client.
If you have lots of ETH at stake, it is probably worth running multiple clients each with some of your ETH to avoid putting all your eggs in one basket. Otherwise, Vouch is an interesting offering for multi-node staking infrastructure, and Secret Shared Validators are seeing rapid development.
🦢 Black swans
There are of course many unlikely, unpredictable, yet dangerous scenarios that will always present a risk. Scenarios that lie outside the obvious decisions about your staking set-up. Examples such as Spectre and Meltdown at the hardware level, or kernel bugs such as BleedingTooth hint at some of the hazards that exist across the entire hardware stack. By definition, it is not possible to entirely predict and avoid these problems, instead you generally must react after the fact.
What to worry about
Ultimately this comes down to calculating the expected value E(X) of a given failure: how likely an event is to happen, and what the penalties would be if it did. It is vital to consider these failures in the context of the rest of the eth2 network since the correlation greatly affects the penalties at hand. Comparing the expected cost of a failure to the cost of mitigating it will give you the rational answer as to whether it is worth getting in front of.
No one knows all the ways a node can fail, nor how likely each failure is, but by making individual estimates of the chances of each failure type and mitigating the biggest risks, the “wisdom of the crowd” will prevail and on average the network as a whole will make a good estimate. Furthermore, because of the different risks each validator faces, and the differing estimates of those risks, the failures you did not account for will be caught by others and therefore the degree of correlation will be reduced. Yay decentralisation!
📕 DON’T PANIC
Finally, if something does happen to your node, don’t panic! Even during inactivity leaks, penalties are small on short time scales. Take a few moments to think through what happened and why. Then make a plan of action to fix the problem. Then take a deep breath before you proceed. An extra 5 minutes of penalties is preferable to being slashed because you did something ill-advised in a rush.
Most of all: 🚨 Do not run 2 nodes with the same validator keys! 🚨
Thanks Danny Ryan, Joseph Schweitzer, and Sacha Yves Saint-Leger for review
[Slashings because validators ran >1 node – Beaconcha.in]
